Condition and Structural Surveys

Yes. The strength grading process, both mechanically and visually, takes no account of the end use of the timber.

Many of the softwoods used for structural purposes, such as European redwood, will nearly always contain a significant amount of sapwood as the trees are small in diameter.

Sapwood does not affect the strength, but only the durability of the timber. Preservation treatment is therefore an important consideration.

Glulam is a high-performance product for structural engineering manufactured from layers of parallel timber laminations.

Benefits of glulam

• Aesthetically attractive structural timber components of large sizes and complex shapes.
• Generally stronger than the timber from which it is made because defects, such as knots, splits and sloping grain, are randomly distributed throughout the component or simply excluded.
• It has a high strength-to-weight ratio that makes it easy to handle.
• It will usually have better dimensional stability and suffer less from shrinkage and deformation than equivalent solid wood sections.

For more information on glulam, its properties and uses, see the BM TRADA Wood Information Sheet Glued laminated timber.

CLT panels are manufactured by assembling layers of wood laminates (typically spruce) together, each layer being laid at right angles to the previous layer.

The structural benefits of CLT are many and include the following:

• High axial load capacity for walls due to the large bearing area.
• High shear strength to resist horizontal loads.
• Dead weight reduces the need for mechanical holding down to resist overturning forces.
• Buckling in the plane of the wall is unlikely, except for isolated columns and piers.
• Contributes to fire resistance.
• Shallow floors.
• Structural fixings are easy to provide and likely to achieve their design capacity.
• Few defects due to the inherent robustness of the panels during transport and construction.
• Enhanced airtightness.
• In some situations, second fix items and cladding can be fixed directly to panels using lightweight power tools.

Comprehensive information on CLT, its properties and uses, can be found in the BM TRADA Wood Information Sheets Cross-laminated timber: introduction for specifiers and Cross-laminated timber: structural principles.

Although softwoods have largely displaced hardwoods as a structural material in modern construction, hardwoods are used for specialist engineered products including glued laminated (glulam) and mechanically laminated (mechlam) timber, and for particular end uses where their high strength and durability is vital, such as marine structures and sea defences.

When compared with structural softwoods, hardwoods in the medium-to-high-density ranges have:

• greater strength and stiffness
• availability in longer lengths and larger sections
• higher density, generally giving superior fire resistance
• greater natural durability in most species
• more varied aesthetic appeal as exposed members.

Guidance on how to specify hardwoods for structural use can be found in the BM TRADA Wood Information Sheet Structural use of hardwoods.